formula will be as follows: - the resultant of all the forces (political, social, economic and other) of the PEOPLE directed to goal achievement equals to the product of people weight to the acceleration- an attempt of people to achieve the formulated goal. The goal can be: to carry out reforms, to reach economic well-being, independency, etc.
Thus, if we know the value and direction of all the above- mentioned forces of society and the active weight (number) of people, found out with the help of a public opinion poll, we can multiply it by the adjustment coefficient, characterizing the activity (temperament) of people, we will get acceleration (or deceleration) of development of society in its progressive historical development.
Remarkable is that it is possible to use not only known formulas, but also the worked over mathematic material. The difference is as follows: instead of the mechanical force, measured in newtons, we use its equivalent, measured for instance in politones, and instead of the resultant of all the individual mechanical forces (friction, inertia, air resistance…), we take the resultant of all the political, economical, social and other forces, including external ones.
Let us move further to the law of gravity.
Intellect, as is well known, supposes communication, it cannot develop without it. That’s why every man, like Robinson Crusoe, longs for communication with other people.
Like the material sphere is governed by the law of gravity, the spiritual- psychological sphere is governed by the universal law of intellectual attraction. We long for communication not only on Earth. We seek intellectual brothers in the space as well, and if it is so, then it is evident that we are not alone in the Universe.
The law considered may be formulated un the following way: “Homo sapiens aim to know each other with the force directly proportional to the product of their intellects and inverse as the square of the distance between them, multiplied by the adjustment factor of proportionality”, depending on the means of communication used (direct communication, by means of letters, radio-technical means, etc.), i.e.
I1 ; I2
F = --------- ; k;
2
S
Where I1, I2- the intellects of two individuals, S- the distance between them, k- adjustment coefficient.
Einstein has determined that substance and energy are equivalent in a certain aspect, and their relation is expressed by the formula: E=M;c; where E- energy, M-weight, c- velocity of light. It follows that even a small weight under certain conditions can cause release of a big amount of energy. This can be observed during an explosion of a thermonuclear charge, i.e. in the material sphere. Are these conclusions true for the intellectual human sphere?
If we transfer the above-mentioned conclusions into the sphere of mental activity of people, we will see that the human brain, as a special thinking substance, under certain conditions (psychic, physical, chemical, etc.) is capable of releasing an enormous mental energy. For example, it can produce a pioneer idea, theory, open a new law, invent something that will essentially change the world-view of the mankind, i.e. a special thoughts explosion happens in the human mind. If we remember the history of the mankind, we ill see that thoughts explosions of such kind took place more than once. Let’s take for instance Einstein and his theory of relativity. Several synapses of this famous scientist have given a huge amount of mental energy to the world, which like a chain reaction during a thermonuclear process, has excited thinking processes in minds of millions of people, and thus has raised the intellect of the mankind to a new level of development. There is a great number of examples in the history of science, culture, art and other intellectual activity of people.
It follows that the formulas and conclusions of Einstein are true not only for the material sphere, but also for the spiritual one, because the substance of the human brain and his mental, intellectual energy are equivalent in a certain sense. Even several synapses (convolutions) of brain can under certain conditions release a huge amount of mental energy that can not only excite the intellects of the whole mankind, but also explode (both in a direct and a figurative sense of the word) the world.
Unfortunately, mental explosions of such kind happen spontaneously and people haven’t yet learned to give birth to geniuses serially, to control all thought processes at the breaking point of human capabilities. We haven’t also learned to measure the mental energy and the potential of men, to understand thoughts at a distance, to communicate with each other without the help of larynx and tongue. But, undoubtedly, in future we will be able to
do it.
If we consider further different physical effects, for example, the gravity effect- distortion of space near a large substance, we can notice that a similar mental effect in the human sphere of social relations. It is an affect of distortion of the intellectual space near a source of strong thinking- a brain of some prominent scientist, politician, literary man, artist, for example, Einstein, Newton, Tolstoy, Pushkin, Lenin, Stalin, etc.
“Distortion” of such kind becomes especially evident when we study the life activity of Hitler, whose wild ideas of purity and superiority of the Aryan race have captivated many Germans and distorted their conscience, which has led to the big disaster (war).
As per the quantum physics, a material body can be at the same time a particle and a wave. The same with the process of thinking- it is both a particle and a wave, for example, a thought can be a chemical substance and a wave running down your brain convolutions.
Let us proceed to the study of other universal laws. The energy conservation law says that the energy of a closed system never vanishes and never appears from nothing. There are many types of energy, and if we regard the Earth as a closed conservative system in some pre-selected moment of time, the sum of the internal intellectual energy of the mankind is a constant magnitude:
E internal = E potential + E kinetic = Const.;
where E potential - potential intellectual energy of a man,
E kinetic – his kinetic energy.
Potential intellectual energy can be described as an energy given with the genes of a man on his birth. It determines the intellectual level a man can reach in his life under favorable conditions.
The energy that is released by the brain of a man, as a result of his intellectual activity in society, forms the kinetic intellectual energy.
It is not really necessary to explain that both types of energy are important, because they are ineffective if taken separately. What’s the use of an enormous potential energy of a man if its passive, like in the case of Manilov who lies on the sofa and stays idle. As passive is the separately taken (without intellect) kinetic energy of a man. Moreover, it is sometimes dangerous, when it belongs to a mad governing idiot, and the cases of such kind unfortunately take place. In this respect, it would be interesting to say that there is no significant loss of intellect that happens as a result of disintegration of the Soviet Union for the mankind in general, when the brains began to drain from the former Soviet Republics abroad (Germany, Israel, the USA…), but for the CIS republics, this “intellect exchange” has roughly reduced their kinetic and potential energy, because the best scientists, engineers, doctors, teachers and qualified workers have left, and what’s particularly bad,- the best part of the gene pool of our society- children- have gone with them. Genuine gold is not the one that sparkles, but the one that is stored in people, in their “brains”, in the human intellect.
The term “intellect exchange”, mentioned above, is similar to the sense of the word “heat exchange” (transfer of heat form a more heated body to a less heated one by different ways). Both with heat- and intellect exchange, there are several types of such an exchange, specifically: migratory, informational, etc.
In this regard, the equation of intellect balance on intellect exchange has a view similar to the physical sense:
м м
S Q lost = S Q rec.;
where: Q lost- energy lost,
Q rec.- energy received.
In other words, the intellect balance on the Earth in general has not been upset from the disintegration of the USSR: as much we have lost, so much the other countries have gained. However, for us, as the losing part, it is substantial.
In accordance with the above-stated, the First law of intellectual dynamics (thermodynamics in physics) can be stated as follows: the amount of intellectual energy supplied to a system (a country, a union, etc.) is partially used for the increase of the system internal energy, and partially- for performance of activity by the system:
Q = s Q internal + A;
where A- activity.
To put it in other way, the conventional diversion of “brains” to an other country increases both the kinetic and the potential energy of this country and accelerates its activity aimed at building a prosperous society.
Intellectual exchange, just like heat exchange, exist always, and in all spheres, where a difference of intellectual level is present.
This has common features with the law of communicating vessels, the main point of which is that a liquid flows from a higher place to a lower one. In our case, during the intellectual exchange, migratory, in particular, people “flow”- migrate- from the areas of a higher density of the human field to the areas of a lower energetic field density. Just like volcanic lava flows downwards, and not upwards, people run from unstable countries prone to explosions of human passions, to regions and countries with a more peaceful and less stressful energetic situation.
It must be noted that the universal law of entropy is also valid for the case under consideration, because the internal, spiritual, scientific and cultural potential of people tends to get equal on all the Earth, in all the countries of the world. As time passes, no matter how hard some countries try to “hide” their scientific achievements, they anyway become the property of other states- this is an axiom not requiring any proofs (for, example, spreading of nuclear technologies).
Confirmations of the universality of the approaches to the world building can also be found in other branches of science: in chemistry, biology, medicine and strength of materials. Even such unspiritual notion as “roughness” is present in the sphere of human relations. In mechanics, to improve the interfacial slip of details, they lubricate them with oil, and in the human environment the roughness in human relations is removed with the help of a different “lubricant”: bribery, graft, money, truck (the same dairy butter), flattery, promises, and so on and so forth. As it is said: “You won’t go anywhere if you don’t oil the wheels!”
There is a “compensation principle” in chemistry, which says that if the system being in equilibrium is affected, as a result of the processes proceeding in it, the equilibrium will shift in such a direction that the affect will decrease. The same analogy can be found in the human sphere, far from chemistry.
As it is known from biology, the human organism is a self-regulated system. It is evident that the humanity in general is also a self-regulated system, and any deviation from its normal condition, for instance, beginning of a world war, switches on its protection mechanisms, working to return it to the normal condition, that is to the termination of war.
As it is known form medicine, each human organism has its own immunity (ability of an organism to protect its individual integrity. The humanity (people, society) also has a certain immunity, protecting its integrity and significance. It shows in the immunity to one or another idea, way of life; rejection of alien customs, traditions, etc. The humanity has its own social reflexes with a response to one or another irritant. Even the transfer ways of spiritual illnesses are similar in some way: first of all, it is communication of people with each other, transmigration of people, etc.
According to the chemical law of the action of masses, the rate of chemical reaction is proportionate to the concentration of the reacting substances. The same can be found in the human sphere, where the rate of people’s reaction to one or another event is also proportionate to the concentration of the affecting elements. And if catalysts (mass media, money, power) are used, the rate of people’s reaction increases and depends upon the effectiveness of the means used. Here it must be noted that in pre-revolutionary situation, when discontent of people reaches significant values, the rate of people’s reaction multiplies (per the rule of Van-Goff).
If we study the types of chemical bonds of substances, we can find an analogy. Thus, like ionic bond, the community of people connected with each other, for example, by blood relationship, faith, culture, language, has a strong and lasting social bond, resistant to outer shocks. And vice versa, like in chemistry there is covalent bond (less strong), in the human sphere various unions, confederations, associations are of a temporary nature, and any, even light shocks can destroy them.
2 Building of a State by the methods of the Strength of Materials.
We may be surprised by the fact that people have learned to perform mathematically accurate calculations, drawings, design, construction of the most complex machines, apparatuses, and rockets; to construct super-modern computers, but (I underline this!) they cannot make an elementary calculation and build a normal State for themselves. They cannot build it without any defects of economics, especially while making reforms of it, without big and small mistakes, connected with building a State, without crises and conflicts.
Of course, any state is a complex conglomerate, including millions of human souls, people of different nationalities, faiths, different levels of culture, education, temperament…And everyone of them wants and has a right to live and work in this state normally, or else he will infuse a destabilizing spirit into the social relations.
The authorities must take all this into consideration. A level of unemployment may serve as a peculiar barometer of society, and if it reaches a dangerous level (~25%), mass meetings and crisis of authority. Like in metals, in narrow places, concentration of stresses, which can lead to its destruction, may occur, in such a state destabilizing forces, capable of destroying the state, are sure to appear. A special attention must be paid to the problem of people’s fatigue (as it is known, fatigue is present in metals as well), because its patience is not limitless. Especially when there is no work and legal disorder, when the moral principles of society are destroyed and a cult of violence and money-grubbing reigns everywhere, when family ties are broken. In such conditions, breaking of one social link is enough to destroy the State and to break the state machine. That’s why the main principle of building a stable State is not reinforcement of penal institutions, but creating normal conditions of life, work, recreation, spiritual and cultural development for people.
In the computer century, on the threshold of the third millennium, it seems absurd that in building a State, a principle of trial and mistakes (haphazard method) governs. And the high and mighty of this world, governing the State, are more guided by emotions, but not calculations, and act by the random principle. Hence come numerous human cataclysms, conflicts, wars, revolutions and other negative, unhealthy symptoms in society. Obviously, it is high time to learn how to calculate and build a State not by the intuition of a President, but on the basis of scientific calculations and accumulated experience in state building, like it is done, for instance, in Strength of Materials. The scientists and computer technology, in our opinion, have reached the necessary level of knowledge and are adequately equipped to solve this problem. The most interesting moment is that at the first stages of building an optimum model of State, well-known formulas from Strength of Materials can be widely used. For example, in Strength of Materials a method of ultimate or allowed loads is widely used. With the help of this method we can calculate the limit of patience of people that they can stand under a certain psychological and social load, with an adequate accuracy.
Hooke’s law used in mechanics, which says that the value of deformation in an elastic body is proportionate to the load, may be transferred to the human relations, subject to some adjustment. Naturally, we can use the formulas of Strength of Materials, provided we determine, calculate and apply our own adjustment and special coefficients. Thus, we cannot use Young’s modulus (modulus of material elasticity), we must determine a different modulus of elasticity, characterizing the ability of society (people) to resist a deforming force, both external and internal. Modulus of elasticity for different peoples is different (like for different materials: steel, cast iron, etc.), for example, for Germans it is 0.9, for Americans- 0.8, and so on. Consequently, the limit of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate strength are different for different peoples, though the general view of the well-known diagram with its typical points stays unchanged, for a deforming psychological load of a definite value affecting the society. It follows that the government, while preparing one or another reform, law, or decree, must calculate all the consequences and choose a safe (or per the Strength of Material)- allowed stress that will provide the strength of the whole social system.
The equation of static strength is as follows:
allowed
where: [G]- allowed stress,
P- affecting force,
F- reference area of affecting.
Attention must be paid to the calculations of the critical value of the State. Strength of Materials has a formula for defining the critical length of a rod, when it ruptures under the action of its own weight in the suspended condition. Thus, the State under the given conditions of interregional, ethnic, and other bonds cannot exceed a certain critical value. That’s why all the great empires that were established in the world (remember the empires of Alexander the Macedonian, Chingis-khan, and other) broke to a series of smaller states very soon, when the government lost one significant link (it can be a death of the Emperor or the khan). Therefore, it is not possible to build a big multinational State without the science of state building, based upon the methods suggested in this work. Otherwise, the centripetal, centrifugal, internal and external forces can quickly destroy it. When doing such calculations, it is necessary to take into consideration the coefficient of heterogeneity of the society (heterogeneity is present in metals, and it is taken into account in calculations), i.e. inclusions of other nationalities and peoples, besides the basic ones, plus the coefficient of conditions, in which the society is living. The situation in a prosperous society differs much form the situation in a society of hunger and devastation. The same as in the Strength of Materials, the situation becomes dangerous when the specific energy of deformational effect upon people, connected, for example, with the change of the form of government or the structure of society, reaches the limit (critical) value:
G effect = [G] allowable
With
